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Sampling Methods in Surface Waters
The quality of output from an environmental sampling project is limited by whichever is
the weakest component—sampling or analysis. Progress in analytical protocols, including
the development of new and more sophisticated techniques described elsewhere in this
handbook, results in the taking of samples increasingly becoming the quality-determining
step in water quality assessment [1,2]. Conclusions based on laboratory results from the
most careful analysis of water samples may be invalidated because the original collection
of the samples was inadequate or invalid. Poor sampling design or mistakes in sampling
technique or sample handling during the sampling process inevitably lead to erroneous
results, which cannot be corrected afterward [3–7].
